Courting vs Lobbying

Q : need your help, i got a little confuse about this sentence
is there anyone can help me what is this mean "We have been courting so many times, in order you can make a conclusion" what does the "courting" means?

A: I think the closest meaning of 'courting' in your sentence is melakukan pendekatan. So the meaning of the sentence will be:
We have been courting so many times, in order you can make a conclusion
Kita sudah melakukan pendekatang berulang kali, agar anda sampai pada satu kesimpulan.

In our daily the word courting can have different meaning, but the essence of it is as mention in the thesaurus:
Courting:
.tr.
1.
a. To attempt to gain; seek: courting wealth and fame.
b. To behave so as to invite or incur: courts disaster by taking drugs.
2. To try to gain the love or affections of, especially to seek to marry.
3. To attempt to gain the favor of by attention or flattery: a salesperson courting a potential customer.
4. Zoology To behave so as to attract (a mate).
v.intr.
1. To pursue a courtship; woo.
2. Zoology To engage in courtship behavior.

In bahasa, the word courting can be interpreted as :
- pacaran though the closest meaning will be to our slang pedekate / PDKT
- mengundang, menghendaki, mencari atau menantang yang arahnya adalah melakukan pendekatan untuk menarik perhatian dari sesuatu yang di 'courting' itu.

Courting is quite different from lobbying, even though lobbying can also be translated as melakukan pendekatan but the purpose is quite different. Referring to the thesaurus

lobbying:
.intr.
To try to influence the thinking of legislators or other public officials for or against a specific cause: lobbying for stronger environmental safeguards; lobbied against the proliferation of nuclear arms.
v.tr.
1. To try to influence public officials on behalf of or against (proposed legislation, for example): lobbied the bill through Congress; lobbied the bill to a negative vote.
2. To try to influence (an official) to take a desired action

Corporate dan Company

Q: Bisa bantu gak menjelaskan penggunaan kata corporate dan company mungkin bisa dikasih contoh penggunaannya.kalau saya ingin meletakkan dalam kata"Company development consultant atau corporate development consultant apa bedanya?

A: Please see below information on the three words from freedictionary.com :
Corporate - company - corporation.

cor·po·rate  (kôrpr-t, kôrprt)adj.
1. Formed into a corporation; incorporated: the corporate companies of industrial America.
2. Of or relating to a corporation: corporate assets; corporate culture.
3. United or combined into one body; collective: made a corporate effort to finish the job.
4. Of or relating to a corporative government or political system.


company [ˈkʌmpənɪ]n pl -nies
1. a number of people gathered together; assembly
2. the fact of being with someone; companionship I enjoy her company
3. a social visitor or visitors; guest or guests
4. (Business / Commerce) a business enterprise
5. (Business / Commerce) the members of an enterprise not specifically mentioned in the enterprise's title Abbreviations Co. co
6. (Performing Arts / Theatre) a group of actors, usually including business and technical personnel
7. (Military) a unit of around 100 troops, usually comprising two or more platoons
8. (Transport / Nautical Terms) the officers and crew of a ship
9. (Non-sporting Hobbies / Other Non-sporting Hobbies) a unit of Girl Guides
10. (Historical Terms) English history a medieval guild

cor·po·ra·tion  (kôrp-rshn)n.
1. A body that is granted a charter recognizing it as a separate legal entity having its own rights, privileges, and liabilities distinct from those of its members.
2. Such a body created for purposes of government. Also called body corporate.
3. A group of people combined into or acting as one body.
4. Informal A protruding abdominal region; a potbelly.

Kesimpulannya:
Corporate adalah kata sifat yang terkait dengan suatu corporation / perusahaan.

Company dan corporation adalah kata benda.

Kalau dari definisi di atas:
Company lebih pada perusahaan secara umum (lihat definisi no. 4). Bisa perusahaan keluarga, usaha bersama baik yang terbuka maupun tertutup.

Corporation lebih dekat dengan sejenis perseroan terbatas (PT) yang membedakan hak dan tanggung jawab pemegang saham dengan perusahaan (lihat definisi no 1).

Dalam pilihan contoh frasa:
Company development consultant atau corporate development consultant

Bisa jadi keduanya benar.

Company development consultant means consultant for the development of the (particular) company.

Corporate development consultant means consultant on corporate development matters (can be any corporation)

Penggunaan dan makna kata 'up'

Seorang teman bertanya tentang kata 'up' yang banyak terdapat pada frase-frase bahasa Inggris. Dan saya berbagi pengertian saya pribadi tentang kata tersebut. Maka inilah respon saya di sebuah milis belajar bahasa Inggris.

Kata 'up' sendiri mempunyai arti 'atas', sesuatu yang bermakna bagian atas, mengarah ke atas, utama, besar atau prioritas.

Ketika dia digabung dengan kata kerja maka dia membentuk frase atau idiom yang memunculkan arti baru. Kala dlm bahasa Indonesia masuk kategori kata majemuk, yang arti barunya bisa jadi agak berbeda dengan kata dasarnya semisal biang keladi, ringan tangan, tangan dingin, anak bawang, dsb.

Dalam memahami phrase atau idiom ini tentu kita tidak bisa lagi mengartikan 'up' sebagai atas tetapi harus melihat pada makna yang dikandung dalam kata 'up' itu. Paling tidak metode ini yang saya gunakan untuk mengetahui arti yang paling dekat dari suatu idiom apabila saya jauh dari dictionary dan hanya tahu arti kata kerja utamanya. Tentunya untuk mengetahui arti yang lebih tepat, kemudian saya harus saya cross-check dengan kamus yang ada dgn melihat pada bagian kata yang menyertai kata 'up'.

Hal yang sama juga berlaku untuk idiom yang menggunakan kombinasi preposisi lain spt kata:
- 'over' menjadi: fly over, game over, hang over, get over dsb.
- 'in' menjadi: turn in, give in, break in dsb.

Ada buku lama yang cukup bagus n saya yakin banyak tersedia di perpustakaan universitas (mestinya juga dijual di pasaran, though I'm not sure) yaitu English Idiomatic terbitan Longman. Di bagian terakhir menerangkan berbagai arti dari idiom2 yang ditanyakan itu. Barangkali anda bisa search di internet.

The usage of Neither and Either

After my previous answer, somebody asked about the usage og neither ...nor in comparison ot either ...or that I explained earlier.

Because he was confused by my statement regarding the use of either that can be applied in negative sentence. His understanding is that negative sentence should use 'neither .. nor' instead of 'either .. or' as I mentioned earlier.

Well, it's quite different in term of Indonesian meaning as asked by the first person. So here's the explanation for it.

Neither is used for negative sentence. But the negative intention is usually structured in the form of positive sentence, for example:
- Neither going to the furthest part of the earth nor hiding inside the house will save you from the death angel.(Tidaklah pergi ke tempat terjauh di bumi ataupun bersembunyi dalam rumah akan menyelamatkan anda dari malaikat kematian).

You see the structure of the main clause is using will (positive) not won't (negative)

In such, the above example can also be stated using either ... or ...and it will become:
- Either going to the furthest part of the earth or hiding inside the house will not save you from the death angel.

Please note the structure of main clause is using 'will not' as negative remark.

The use of the word 'either' and 'whether'

Seorang teman bertanya tentang beda penggunaan kata 'either' dan 'whether' dalam bahasa Inggris.

Maka berikut ini adalah jawaban yang saya berikan berdasarkan pemahaman dan pengetahuan yang saya terima selama ini.

As far as I know, the use of either is different from whether.

The word 'either' is used when you have two or more options both in negative and positive forms e.g.:
- Either going to Surabaya or visiting her grandmother doesn't make any different because her grandmother lives in Surabaya too
(Entah/Apa pergi ke Surabaya atau mengunjungi neneknya tak ada bedanya sebab neneknya tinggal di Surabaya)

- You don't have any choice in this situation, either surrender yourself or you go to prison. Both are the safest way to solve your problem
(Anda tak punya pilihan dalam situasi ini, entah/apakah menyerahkan diri atau anda masuk penjara. Keduanya adalah jalan teraman untuk mengatasi masalah anda)

- We should do trial conference call either by skype or yahoo messenger before invite a bigger number of people there
(Kita sebaiknya mencoba conference call entah/apa menggunakan skype atau yahoo messenger sebelum mengundang lebih banyak orang kesana)

The word 'whether' is used in indirect sentence for interogative question (yes-no answer) e.g.:

- Do you want some milk? (Direct sentence for interrogative)
The indirect sentence will be:
I asked them whether they wanted some milk.
( Saya bertanya pada mereka apakah mereka mau susu)

- are you ready to go?
The indirect sentence will be She asked her friend (man) whether he was ready to go.
(Dia bertanya pada temannya (pria) apa dia siap pergi)

Please note that the word 'whether' can be replaced by the word 'if' that has the same meaning. So the above example can also be stated:
- I asked them if they wanted some milk.
- She asked her friend (man) if he was ready to go.

Mengartikan 'that'

Kata 'that' bs diterjemahkan menjadi 'bahwa', 'yang' atau 'yaitu' selain berarti 'itu'.

Penggunaan yang akan menimbulkan arti 'that' adalah sebagai berikut:
A. Berarti 'bahwa' jika sblm kata that ada kata kerja (verb) dlm bentuk kalimat tak langsung (indirect sentence)
Contoh:
- He said that Andy would come to Malang
(Dia berkata bahwa Andy akan datang ke Malang)
- She told her parents that her friend had gone back to UK on Sunday
(Dia memberitahu orangtuanya bahwa temannya telah kembali ke UK hari minggu)

B. Berarti 'yang' jika setelah kata benda pada kalimat majemuk bertingkat (noun clause) yang menerangkan kata benda yg ada di depannya.
Contoh:
- She thinks the book that she read is very interesting
(Menurut dia buku yang dia baca menarik)
- They are talking to the man that is wearing the blue tie
(Mereka berbicara dengan pria yang memakai dasi biru)

C. Berarti 'yaitu' jika berada di awal klausa pada pola kalimat majemuk setara yg akan menerangkan detail sesuatu.
Contoh:
- to open this file is quite easy; that is by click thre green button and type the password in the column given.
(Untuk membuka file ini cukup mudah; yaitu tekan tombol hijau lalu ketikkan password di kolom yang tersedia